"[204], The statement "God is dead," occurring in several of Nietzsche's works (notably in The Gay Science), has become one of his best-known remarks. 18-26: Journal: Tigor. [247], In his Egotism in German Philosophy, Santayana claimed that Nietzsche's whole philosophy was a reaction to Schopenhauer. [196] Still, Nietzsche saw his philosophy as a counter-movement to nihilism through appreciation of art: Art as the single superior counterforce against all will to negation of life, art as the anti-Christian, anti-Buddhist, anti-Nihilist par excellence. Marburg: Tectum Verlag 2013. Hamlet falls under this category—he glimpsed the supernatural reality through the Ghost, he has gained true knowledge and knows that no action of his has the power to change this. [183] Philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre put Nietzsche in a high place in the history of philosophy. Please login to your account first; Need help? Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. While criticizing nihilism and Nietzsche together as a sign of general decay,[184] he still commended him for recognizing psychological motives behind Kant and Hume's moral philosophy:[185], For it was Nietzsche's historic achievement to understand more clearly than any other philosopher ... not only that what purported to be appeals of objectivity were in fact expressions of subjective will, but also the nature of the problems that this posed for philosophy. The death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism to outright nihilism, the belief that nothing has any inherent importance and that life lacks purpose. Nietzsche stood at the beginning of his most productive period. [88] Rée accepted the idea and suggested that they be joined by his friend Nietzsche. Weber, for example, relied on Nietzsche's perspectivism by maintaining that objectivity is still possible—but only after a particular perspective, value, or end has been established. The Interior Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", "Who knew? Nietzsche remarked freely about the isolation he felt within the philological community and attempted unsuccessfully to transfer to a position in philosophy at Basel. Send-to-Kindle or Email . 115 letters 1874–1886 | Correspondences", "The lost 'Aryan utopia' of Nueva Germania", "Nietzsches Briefe. By denying the inherent inequality of people—in success, strength, beauty, and intelligence—slaves acquired a method of escape, namely by generating new values on the basis of rejecting master morality, which frustrated them. [53][better source needed], In 1854, he began to attend Domgymnasium in Naumburg. The name derives from the forename Nikolaus, abbreviated to Nick; assimilated with the Slavic Nitz; it first became Nitsche and then Nietzsche. Si chiarirà inoltre la concezione nietzscheana della verità, esemplificata dalle note figure della morte di Dio e dell’avvento di Zarathustra per mezzo delle novità astronomiche ottocentesche: la misurazione della velocità della luce e della distanza delle stelle, l’introduzione del termine “anno luce” e l’idea della nascita e della morte delle stelle. The file will be sent to your Kindle account. "The Struggle with the Daemon" is a brilliant analysis of the European psyche by the great novelist and biographer Stefan Zweig. [66], In 1867, Nietzsche signed up for one year of voluntary service with the Prussian artillery division in Naumburg. It was used to overcome the slave's sense of inferiority before their (better-off) masters. Nietzsche soon fell into a period of mental anguish, although he continued to write to Rée, stating "We shall see one another from time to time, won't we? Yeats and Arthur Symons described Nietzsche as the intellectual heir to William Blake. ", Nietzsche, Friedrich. Since his childhood, various disruptive illnesses had plagued him, including moments of shortsightedness that left him nearly blind, migraine headaches, and violent indigestion. The Wagners brought Nietzsche into their most intimate circle—including Franz Liszt, of whom Nietzsche colloquially described: "Liszt or the art of running after women! "[260] While Nietzsche never mentions Max Stirner, the similarities in their ideas have prompted a minority of interpreters to suggest a relationship between the two. [57] The teacher who corrected the essay gave it a good mark but commented that Nietzsche should concern himself in the future with healthier, more lucid, and more "German" writers. [139] Oehler claims that Nietzsche came from a long line of German Lutheran clergymen on both sides of his family, and modern scholars regard the claim of Nietzsche's Polish ancestry as "pure invention. [88] After discovering the situation, Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth became determined to get Nietzsche away from the "immoral woman". While the three spent a number of weeks together in Leipzig in October 1882, the following month Rée and Salomé ditched Nietzsche, leaving for Stibbe (today Zdbowo in Poland)[91] without any plans to meet again. He also acquired the publication rights for his earlier works and over the next year issued second editions of The Birth of Tragedy, Human, All Too Human, Daybreak, and of The Gay Science with new prefaces placing the body of his work in a more coherent perspective. Nietzsche. The essays shared the orientation of a cultural critique, challenging the developing German culture suggested by Schopenhauer and Wagner. Save for later. Nietzsche led "Germania", a music and literature club, during his summers in Naumburg. Additionally, he commanded the German emperor to go to Rome to be shot and summoned the European powers to take military action against Germany,[106] that the pope should be put in jail and that he, Nietzsche, created the world and was in the process of having all anti-Semites shot dead. During this time in the circle of the Wagners, he met Malwida von Meysenbug and Hans von Bülow. Nietzsche e la morte di Dio . "[145][146] The name Nietzsche itself is not a Polish name, but an exceptionally common one throughout central Germany, in this and cognate forms (such as Nitsche and Nitzke). After graduation in September 1864,[60] Nietzsche began studying theology and classical philology at the University of Bonn in the hope of becoming a minister. Thomas Mann's novel Death in Venice[296] shows a use of Apollonian and Dionysian, and in Doctor Faustus Nietzsche was a central source for the character of Adrian Leverkühn. During the same year, he encountered the work of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, to whom he felt an immediate kinship. Huskinson, Lucy. The 1868 riding accident and diseases in 1870 may have aggravated these persistent conditions, which continued to affect him through his years at Basel, forcing him to take longer and longer holidays until regular work became impractical. "Nietzsche's Vorfahren" (reprint). The Apollonian and Dionysian is a two-fold philosophical concept, based on features of ancient Greek mythology: Apollo and Dionysus. With the publication in 1878 of Human, All Too Human (a book of aphorisms ranging from metaphysics to morality to religion), a new style of Nietzsche's work became clear, highly influenced by Afrikan Spir's Thought and Reality[82] and reacting against the pessimistic philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer. However, in March 1868, while jumping into the saddle of his horse, Nietzsche struck his chest against the pommel and tore two muscles in his left side, leaving him exhausted and unable to walk for months. [166] Both of these principles are meant to represent cognitive states that appear through art as the power of nature in man.[167]. [88] Nietzsche nonetheless was content to join together with Rée and Salomé touring through Switzerland and Italy together, planning their commune. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20717687. [157], Nietzsche composed several works for voice, piano, and violin beginning in 1858 at the Schulpforta in Naumburg when he started to work on musical compositions. "[232] Zarathustra presents the overman as the creator of new values, and he appears as a solution to the problem of the death of God and nihilism. [113], Nietzsche's mental illness was originally diagnosed as tertiary syphilis, in accordance with a prevailing medical paradigm of the time. [201] An Israeli historian who performed a statistical analysis of everything Nietzsche wrote about Jews claims that cross-references and context make clear that 85% of the negative comments are attacks on Christian doctrine or, sarcastically, on Richard Wagner. "[206], One such reaction to the loss of meaning is what Nietzsche called passive nihilism, which he recognized in the pessimistic philosophy of Schopenhauer. [244], Nietzsche's philosophy, while innovative and revolutionary, was indebted to many predecessors. Nietzsche died in 1900. "[209] According to Nietzsche, it is only when nihilism is overcome that a culture can have a true foundation on which to thrive. According to Heidegger, it is the burden imposed by the question of eternal recurrence—whether it could possibly be true—that is so significant in modern thought: "The way Nietzsche here patterns the first communication of the thought of the 'greatest burden' [of eternal recurrence] makes it clear that this 'thought of thoughts' is at the same time 'the most burdensome thought. "[189], A long-standing assumption about Nietzsche is that he preferred master over slave morality. Maudemarie Clark and Alan Swensen in their edition, Hinden, Michael. Elaborating on the conception of Hamlet as an intellectual who cannot make up his mind, and is a living antithesis to the man of action, Nietzsche argues that a Dionysian figure possesses the knowledge that his actions cannot change the eternal balance of things, and it disgusts him enough not to act at all. [186], In Beyond Good and Evil and On the Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche's genealogical account of the development of modern moral systems occupies a central place. Elisabeth employed Steiner as a tutor to help her to understand her brother's philosophy. Rivista di scienze della comunicazione e di argomentazione giuridica - A. XI (2019) n. 2", Trieste, EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste, 2019, pp. A man in this state transforms things until they mirror his power—until they are reflections of his perfection. They partially paralyzed him, leaving him unable to speak or walk. Gaddis, P.H. [72], Nietzsche's 1870 projected doctoral thesis, "Contribution toward the Study and the Critique of the Sources of Diogenes Laertius" ("Beiträge zur Quellenkunde und Kritik des Laertius Diogenes"), examined the origins of the ideas of Diogenes Laërtius. According to Deussen, Nietzsche "never decided to remain unmarried all his life. Dalla nascita della tragedia all'eterno ritorno dell'uguale, in pochi minuti sarai in grado di apprendere la filosofia di questo autore ostico per certi aspetti. [285] Author Jack London wrote that he was more stimulated by Nietzsche than by any other writer. [69], With Ritschl's support, Nietzsche received a remarkable offer, in 1869, to become a professor of classical philology at the University of Basel in Switzerland. For Nietzsche, a fundamental shift took place during human history from thinking in terms of "good and bad" toward "good and evil. The last man is possible only by mankind's having bred an apathetic creature who has no great passion or commitment, who is unable to dream, who merely earns his living and keeps warm. Paradoxes and Lessons of a Hard Case", "Zarathustra's Secret. Socrates emphasized reason to such a degree that he diffused the value of myth and suffering to human knowledge. eHumanista/IVITRA. According to biographer R. J. Hollingdale, Nietzsche's propagation of the Polish ancestry myth may have been part of his "campaign against Germany. He describes primordial unity as the increase of strength, the experience of fullness and plenitude bestowed by frenzy. Declinazioni italiane della «morte di Dio». Jahrhunderts. [155][156] However, there are also those who stress that, if Nietzsche preferred men—with this preference constituting his psycho-sexual make-up—but could not admit his desires to himself, it meant he acted in conflict with his philosophy. He associated slave morality with the Jewish and Christian traditions, as it is born out of the ressentiment of slaves. ", His, Eduard. Auden who wrote of Nietzsche in his New Year Letter (released in 1941 in The Double Man): "O masterly debunker of our liberal fallacies ... all your life you stormed, like your English forerunner Blake. In 1886, Nietzsche broke with his publisher Ernst Schmeitzner, disgusted by his antisemitic opinions. Nietzsche characterized this ascetic attitude as a "will to nothingness". This action nearly kills Zarathustra, for example, and most human beings cannot avoid other-worldliness because they really are sick, not because of any choice they made. Brandes, who had started to teach the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard in the 1870s, wrote to Nietzsche asking him to read Kierkegaard, to which Nietzsche replied that he would come to Copenhagen and read Kierkegaard with him. Milkowski, Marcin. She had been interested in Nietzsche as a friend, but not as a husband. File: EPUB, 222 KB. "La follia è nei singoli qualcosa di raro – ma nei gruppi, nei partiti, nei popoli, nelle epoche è la regola."
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